
Wall Street Investments
So now that you’ve learned about Compound Interest and rates of return here. I bet your wondering how to go about it. There are thousands of funds to invest money in. But how to choose? First off if your employer offers a 401(k) retirement plan take it. Most 401(k)s offer a match where if you contribute a set percentage of your salary or wage to your plan your employer will match it with a set percent per dollar. 401(k) plans are also tax deferred savings investments. This means that this contribution is taken from your pay check before the government takes out taxes. Since the money is contributed on a pre-tax basis. You get more bang for your buck. The government collects between 25% and 33% on the dollar for most income earners. By contributing pre-tax dollars it equals what would cost $1.25 to $1.33 of after tax dollars.
Multiply that by Thousands of dollars a year and it adds up to a significant amount of money. $1000 would become $1250 dollars. This money also grows tax free, you do not pay taxes on its earnings unlike the Mutual Funds I discussed in Part 6. That’s what tax deferred means, you defer tax payments until a later date. In the case of a 401(k) that date would be when you reach retirement age and begin withdrawals from your 401(k) retirement plan. Imagine how much faster that same $1000 grows with out paying taxes on the earnings reinvested each year. If it earned $500 in a year it grows by $500 not by the $375 that would be left after Uncle Sam got his share.
Most 401(k) plans are made up of several Mutual Funds to choose from, usually 8 to 12 different funds that cover all the bases. Diversity is a key factor when it comes to investing, you don’t want to put all your eggs in one basket because if that basket falls you don’t break all of your eggs.
Investment Choices
There are a number of key areas most plans will offer several choices to choose from to better diversify your holdings, they are:
- Bonds, and Money Market Funds
- Small- Cap Funds
- Mid-Cap Funds
- Large-Cap Funds
- International Funds
Bond and Money Market Funds are the safest way to invest but don’t provide the returns that other funds produce. Bonds will for all intents and purposes pay a set interest rate. Its a little more complicated than that but that’s something to ask your Fund managers about.This is where those who are approaching retirement want to put that nest egg they have grown for so many years. It won’t grow very much but the safety of your retirement funds are almost guaranteed.
Small-Cap, Mid-Cap, and Large-Cap Funds are Mutual Funds that hold assets in companies with varying amounts of Capital respectively; small, mid, and large. So whats the difference? And which one are best?
Large-Cap Funds are more stable they hold the bulk of their assets in large corporations like Microsoft, or GE. They tend to be more stable and their stock values fluctuate at a minimal level. Many of these stocks pay dividends to share holders (The Fund in question in this case). Since their values don’t change dramatically in short time spans your money is generally safer in Large-Cap Funds. They may not grow in leaps and bounds but they don’t plummet suddenly either. Large-Cap Funds are a place to invest safely over long periods of time.
Small-Cap Funds are just the opposite of Large-Caps in just about every respect. These Fund investments are made in companies with smaller amounts of capital. This could be exemplified by that locally owned foundry at the end of town . They are much more volatile, and their value tends to fluctuate wildly. This instability is a double edged sword you live or die by. These funds can made huge gains in short periods of time or they suffer huge loses just as quickly. This is a popular investment strategy for those who are younger and have more time to invest and ride out the lows that come with the highs. If you are close to retirement avoid Small-Cap Funds, they are not a safe place to put money you intend on needing in a few short years.
Mid-Cap Funds are a little more enigmatic so lets just say they fall in between Large and Small Cap funds, for the most part in all respects.
International Funds are funds that invest assets in companies outside our borders. Companies such as Mercedes-Benz, and Novo Nordisk (A global leader in drugs to treat diabetes located in Denmark.) The idea is to diversify by putting money in companies that may not be suffering from what ever is dragging down the U.S. markets.
Other Retirement Investments

Stock Market Bull
If you do not have the benefit of a 401(k) plan with a match, or if you merely want to further invest for your future look no further than the Roth IRA (Individual Retirement Account). Differing from a standard IRA, the Roth, formed in 1997 and named after its creator William Roth (a republican from Delaware), holds special advantages when it comes to tax implications.
Benefits such as:
- Tax-free withdrawals.
- Distributions are not required based on age.
- Larger contribution limits.
1. Tax-free withdrawals, unlike the traditional IRA your contributions can be withdrawn tax-free as long as the account is at least 5 years old and your withdrawals don’t exceed your principal contributions. For withdrawals with out penalty on amounts beyond the principal contributions the account holder must be 59 1/2 years of age.
2. The Roth IRA does not require distributions at the age of 70. Therefore you can choose not to draw it when other IRAs require you too, so you can leave it to your heirs or your favorite charity.
3. The Roth IRA has built in provisions for annual contributions limits larger than other traditional IRAs. For 2008 the annual contribution limit is $5,000,for a Roth, since your income has already been taxed before contributions you can pay over and above the $5,000 limit to the equivalent of your tax bracket (i.e. if you are in a 25% tax bracket you would be able to contribute $6,250 or $5000 X 25%). This is to offset the loss of pre-tax contributions gained by IRAs and 401(k)s.
Of course with a Roth IRA you have to make the contributions the old fashioned way you cannot do a pre-tax payroll deduction. You can however have a funds withdrawal directly from your bank account if you like. This is still the best way to invest in retirement outside of a 401(k) plan. Many people use it to supplement their 401(k)s and to further diversify by choosing funds groups that they don’t already have access to through other retirement plans.
Its also prudent to state that time may be running out for the chance to set up a Roth IRA, 2008 may be the last year because the powers that be in Washington may end the Roth IRA program to new comers. It has never been a popular thing with democrat politicians and they now have the power to change the tax code.
Only in a Cracked World would anyone want to recall such a great retirement plan.